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Exercise can really lower blood pressure, and the research has been hammered! 3 kinds of exercise, especially suitable for patients with hypertension.

Hypertension is one of the most common metabolic diseases, and most patients suffer from it. On the one hand, it means taking medicine for a long time or even for life. On the other hand, in life, they need to regulate their own lives and adjust their daily behavior, and then they are subject to many restrictions.

However, in order to control blood pressure and stabilize the disease, these things have to be done, and they must be adhered to in order to get healthy. As for the methods of lowering blood pressure in daily life, most people will think of exercise, but few people know whether exercise can lower blood pressure and how to lower it.

Can exercise lower blood pressure? Look at the answers given by scientific research.

Here’s one for everyone first."reassuring":

Getting into the habit of exercise does have a stable antihypertensive effect.

according toAberdeen Thai university of dundee, UKThe comparative experiment conducted by the research group shows that conveningMore than 6000 elderly people with hypertension were treated.People, after a series of moderate and high-intensity exercises such as pedaling bicycles and jogging,Blood pressure dropped by about 9% on average..

According to the researchers’ further discovery, the tension of the autonomic nervous system is reduced due to the acceleration of metabolism during the exercise of the elderly.catecholamineThe amount of release is reduced, soBlood vessels will also expand reasonably.With the increase of vascular capacity, blood pressure naturally decreases.

Not only that, exercise can also make the bodyMuscle fibers thicken, which in turn makes blood vessels more elastic., can withstand the negative effects of hypertension and reduce the risk of complications.

It can be seen that exercise does have the effect of lowering blood pressure, but although exercise is good, it is not appropriate to take the wrong method, such asExcessive exercise, the choice is not suitable for their own physical fitness.Sports events, etc., on the contrary, it is easy for your bones and muscles to be consumed and worn, increasing injuries and hidden dangers of diseases.

Therefore, for friends who want to rely on exercise to lower their blood pressure, it is very important to choose their own exercise methods. Here are three kinds of exercises recommended, which are especially in line with the physiology and condition of patients with hypertension.

Want to lower blood pressure through exercise? Try these three kinds of exercise.

The first kind: running or jogging.

Running should be the simplest and most obvious exercise mode, as the mostClassic aerobic exerciseExercise intensity is moderate, and it can effectively enhance the body’s blood oxygen content, further improve blood quality, and play a better role in lowering blood pressure.

Of course, running also needs to pay attention to "degree". Generally speaking, patients with hypertensionRun about 1 km to 3 km every day.That is, greed is easy to burden knees and muscles.

The second type: light and moderate resistance exercise.

What is resistance movement? Simply put, it is a way of exercise that will impose a certain burden or oppression on the body, such asDumbbells, sandbags, push-ups, etc, all belong to the typical resistance movement mode.

However, some studies have found that proper resistance exercise canReduce the activity of vagus nerve in patients with hypertension,Down-regulating the sensitivity of peripheral sympathetic nerveTo reduce vascular resistance.Therefore, proper circulatory resistance training has also been written into the guidelines of the European Heart Association in 2020.

The third kind: cycling

Simply put, cycling is one of the typical endurance sports methods.Adjust the leg shape, strengthen the muscles and body shape., has a very good effect.

At the same time, cycling can also play a good role in lowering blood pressure. While riding a bicycle,Because of breathing and wind pressure,The frequency of oxygen we breathe will increase,Increased blood oxygen content. Therefore, the blood circulation in the heart will also be accelerated, which will strengthen the heart and maintain blood pressure.

Not only that, according to research, riding a bike often, justPrevent nerve aging and osteoporosisIt can also help.

To sum up, for patients with hypertension, it is absolutely right to exercise regularly. Choosing the exercise method that suits them best, arranging life plans scientifically and reasonably, controlling blood pressure and stabilizing their condition are actually things that are easy to grasp.

References:

[1] Li Jian ‘an. Exercise and rehabilitation of senile essential hypertension [J]. practical geriatrics, 2001, 15(5):3.

[2] Fang Li, Wang Yejing, Fu Chaowei, et al. Qualitative research on influencing factors of long-term effect of hypertension exercise intervention [J]. China General Medicine, 2006, 9(15):3.

On the atmosphere, China football is still far ahead, far ahead of German football.

Do you remember that last year, the Top10 classic story happened in China football?

It is said that there was a big upset in the second round of the FA Cup in 2022. Beijing Guoan was eliminated by Jingchuan Wenhui, the Chinese champion team, at 5: 7, which broke the big upset. You should know that Zhongguan is the fourth professional league in China and it is an amateur team, but Jingchuan Wenhui still belongs to the downstream team in the Chinese champion.

However, after the game, the official account of Beijing Guoan issued a document saying: This is a close game, and finally said that Jingchuan Wenhui, which is better in strength, won the game. This also made some Guoan fans angry, lost to amateur teams, and boasted that they were stronger than themselves, and they really lost face.

In a word, the top team in the top football league in China lost to the fourth league, which is quite calm. How easy it is to respect that this is a close game.

Let’s go to German football, Bundesliga and European football overlord Bayern Munich, needless to say; The other team, Saarbrü cken, is quite unknown to us. According to media reports.Saarbrü cken is a German football team in the third division. In the second round of the German Cup between these two teams with such a big difference, Saarbrü cken actually pulled down the giant Bayern 2-1 in 96 minutes.

The 96 th minute lore

After the game, start fromThe Saarbrü cken team came to see their mood. Saarbrü cken player Zelitz said: Up to now, my mind is in a mess. I don’t know how to be happy. No one can guess the result. Before the game, we had achieved the result that we might suffer a fiasco, but in the end, when you saw that the scoreboard said 2-1, it was incredible.

The winner is not as calm as our China team, which is quite understandable, because it is difficult to leapfrog the victory because of the details and systematization of German football.

Look at Bayern again, losing and losing. From the club official, "this is unacceptable. I don’t understand why the players played so badly in the first half." Disappointment is huge. " To the players’ "Unbelievable. Unbelievable. We are really disappointed with this result. "

Compared with Beijing Guoan, Bayern’s tolerance is much smaller and a little frustrated. Look at the official announcement of Guoan: this is a close game, and the opponent’s strength is even better.

My humble opinion, rather critical, I wonder if football in China is the real atmosphere, or is it shameful.

2023 FISU Football World Cup： Beijing Normal University won the women’s football championship.

On October 31st, in the women’s final of the 2023 FISU Football World Cup held in Jinjiang, Fujian, China’s Beijing Normal University team beat Brazil’s paulista University team by a total score of 7-6 in a penalty shootout and won the championship.

↑ The starting players of Beijing Normal University team took a group photo before the game.

↑ Beijing Normal University team players celebrate the championship.

Zhou Xinyu, a women’s football player from Beijing Normal University, celebrated the goal.

Zhou Xinyu (right), a player of Beijing Normal University team, shot in the game.

Zou Mengyao (left), a player from Beijing Normal University, competes with Diovanna, a female football player from paulista University.

Photography: Lai Jincai

Source: Xinhua News Agency

Fan Zhendong case repeats itself! Stalking fan suspected of bribing the staff of the Macau Tournament and harassing Sun Yingsha’s privacy.

Recently, Sun Yingsha and Fan Zhendong’s main players are taking part in the championship in Macau. This time, they both advanced to the semi-finals, especially the women’s singles won the championship and runner-up in advance, and the China team achieved good results. It was during this competition that Sun Yingsha, the main player of Guoping, was harassed again, and this time the harassment was even more excessive than the previous flash, which was suspected of repeating the original tragedy of Fan Zhendong.

According to media reports, during the recent match between Sun Yingsha and chopper Han Ying, the director of a live program actually pointed a camera at Sun Yingsha’s backpack, and also rummaged Sun Yingsha’s things inside, and showed the picture to Sun Yingsha’s stalking fan through the camera. Under such circumstances, the director’s behavior undoubtedly caused a lot of questions. Afterwards, stalking fan posted on the social platform that they paid the director of the Macau Games to make him a mole. When the game was broadcast live, he touched Sun Yingsha’s backpack to see what privacy was in the backpack to satisfy the fantasies of these fans.

This behavior has caused serious harassment for Sun Yingsha. I still remember that some time ago, Fan Zhendong called the police because the fans broke into his room. At present, Sun Yingsha is definitely not lighter than Fan Zhendong. No matter for Sun Yingsha or ordinary people, their personal belongings are not allowed to be moved by anyone. The key is that it is even more excessive for the pilot to broadcast live through live cameras.

Next, for the coaching staff, in order to avoid the recurrence of Fan Zhendong’s tragedy, we should deal with this staff member in time. On the other hand, the most important thing is to improve the security of the whole Macau Championship and consider how to protect the rights and interests of these players. In this way, these main players can compete with more peace of mind and win glory for their country. Otherwise, like before Fan Zhendong, he was frequently harassed by these extreme fans. How can he wholeheartedly play the game and help the national team win the championship and honor? This should be a good job for the coaching staff, including logistics personnel.

Next, for Fan Zhendong and Sun Yingsha, I hope they will not be affected by these storms. On the other hand, I hope Malone and Wang Chu Qin will cheer them up, eliminate Zhang Benzhi and these opponents, and win the championship earlier.

The two founders of Meituan joined hands again.

ChatGPT’s wind blew, and the US group Wang Xing was tempted.

Yesterday afternoon, Wang Xing, the founder of Meituan, announced in a high-profile circle of friends that the AI ? ? model made him "both excited and worried". In the future, he will personally participate in the A round investment of Wang Huiwen’s startup company "light years away" and serve as a director.

The original text of this circle of friends is: "The AI ? ? big model makes me both excited about the huge productivity that will be created soon and worried about its future impact on the whole world. Lao Wang and I have been on the road to entrepreneurship for nearly 20 years.Since he is determined to embrace this big wave, I must support it. "

Source: screenshot of Wang Xing’s circle of friends

Just last month, Wang Huiwen, another core founder of Meituan, published articles on social platforms continuously, announcing that he would start a business in AI, with the goal of creating "China version of OpenAI". Recently, ChatGPT, which is very popular in the technology circle, is the product launched by OpenAI.

His concrete measure is to contribute 50 million dollars., valued at $200 million, set up Beijing Lightyear Technology Co., Ltd.. However, its own funds only account for 25% of the shares. In his AI Heroes List, he wrote that another 75% of the shares are used to invite top R&D talents.

If these shares have not been issued by the time the company goes public, a non-profit fund will be set up to "invest in projects with unclear development path, slim realization hope and unclear commercial value".

As soon as this move came out, the four sides moved.

Some researchers questioned its capital and technology, and some people yearned for it, but never expected that the first big fish caught in this project was actually an old partner Wang Xing.

At this point, we look back,Recently, the investment and entrepreneurship of AI, Big Model, ChatGPT and other related tracks have entered the stage of racing against time.

Not only Wang Xing and Wang Huiwen’s "Double Kings" combination, but also Ali, JD.COM, Baidu and Tik Tok are actively participating in the competition.

After Wang Huiwen took out $50 million in real money, Wang Xiaochuan, a former Sogou CEO, also posted on social media that he was about to enter the "China’s OpenAI" battlefield.

On February 26th,Zhou Bowen, the former head of JD.COM technology, announced the recruitment of partners to build a China version of ChatGPT.

In the last two days, Yan Li, the core figure of AI technology research and development in Aauto Quicker, has also started a big AI model business as a new company founded after leaving Aauto Quicker.

Mu Li, a great technical god, and Alex Smola, his former mentor, started their business together, and the track they chose was also a big model-related project.

Coupled with this high-profile announcement by Wang Xing,At present, the domestic AI model entrepreneurial track has been crowded with big names, including many serial entrepreneurs and technical gods.

As the "best co-production venture combination" recognized in the Internet industry, the re-joining of Wang Xing and Wang Huiwen has brought a beautiful imagination to the industry.

On December 18, 2020, Meituan issued an internal letter, and Wang Huiwen, the co-founder and senior vice president of Meituan, officially retired as planned.

On the occasion of Wang Huiwen’s retirement, Wang Xing wrote a letter for him, briefly summarizing his ten-year entrepreneurial achievements.

"Joined the US Mission in 2010 to help the company stand out from the Thousand Regiments War; Three years later, we will build a US group take-out from 0 to 1, and then go deep into the upstream and downstream of the catering industry chain to build local service business scenarios such as store, home and travel; One year before leaving office, Lao Wang was still promoting the building of platform capabilities such as user platform, basic research and development, big data and Al. "

Wang Huiwen

It can be seen that Wang Huiwen plays a cornerstone role in today’s Meituan Empire. However, before the establishment of the US Mission, Wang Xing and Wang Huiwen had already cooperated many times.

In 1997, 18-year-old Wang Xing walked to Tsinghua University from Longyan No.1 Middle School in Fujian. At that time, the first classmate he knew was his roommate Wang Huiwen.

Since 2003, they decided to start a joint venture. It is said that Wang Xing interrupted his doctoral studies in the Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering of the University of Delaware, and Wang Huiwen also dropped out of the Institute of Acoustics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

In a year, Wang Xing tried 10 entrepreneurial projects until.In 2005, the real-name registration system social networking platform "Intranet", which was jointly founded by them, went online, and finally made a name in the industry.

This social platform, similar to Facebook, quickly took off in China. However, due to the broken capital chain and lack of entrepreneurial experience, Wang Xing’s team sold the campus network to Thousand Oaks Group for $2 million in less than one year.

Three years later, in 2009, Thousand Oaks Group renamed its famous campus network Renren. By 2011, when Renren was listed in the United States, its market value reached 7.482 billion US dollars, surpassing Sohu, Youku, Netease, Ctrip and Sina, becoming the third company with internet market value in China.

Source: Renren. com official website

In this story, although the "two kings" group left early, their keen judgment and industry judgment on the Internet still surprised everyone.

After the campus network project, Wang Xing and Wang Huiwen went to toss up the projects such as Fanbu, hainei and Taofang, but none of them improved much.

In 2010, the two men got together again and jointly founded Meituan., and then completed the expansion of thousands of regiments, takeaway wars, big retail and big travel.

In a short sentence, how many wars are raging? After several wars and standing out from the crowd, Wang Xing and Wang Huiwen combined to gain a firm foothold, and more people began to call them "industry bosses". As we all know, the super entrepreneurial strength displayed by the two of them together is an important factor that makes everyone look askance.

Thousand regiments war

It is worth noting that after Wang Huiwen retired, he never stopped to invest in the technology industry.

Specifically, in April last year, Wang Huiwen’s signature on Instant was still "All in Crypto". After half a year, his interest shifted from Crypto and web3 to artificial intelligence, and he wanted to build the China version of OpenAI.

By the way, he also invested in LI and met Wang Xing in the investment field. In the last round of financing before the ideal IPO, Wang Huiwen’s name appeared on the ideal investment list together with Wang Xing.

Not only does Wang Huiwen continue to explore in the science and technology circle, but Wang Xing has gradually become an investment tycoon in the field of hard technology.

According to incomplete statistics, in addition to his ideals, Wang Xing’s personal investment projects also include mutual assistance, convenience, e-driving, Qingping Technology, Maibu Technology, flight steward, Tiger Securities and so on.

Wind data shows that there are 121 affiliated enterprises of Wang Xing and 39 foreign-invested enterprises, of which 34 are surviving. The enterprises they invest in are mainly engaged in scientific research and technical services, information transmission, software and information technology services, and leasing and business services.

Source: wind

It can be seen that the exploration of the two people joining hands to enter the AI industry is not as simple as a "supporting friends". In fact, there are both sides’ continued emphasis on the technology industry and their recognition of entrepreneurial ideas.

In the open letter of Wang Huiwen’s retirement, Wang Xing wrote that "Lao Wang and I are classmates and roommates with common interests, partners who work together to start a business, comrades who fight side by side, and lifelong friends who can collide with each other and talk with each other".

Different from the rhetoric in Wang Huiwen’s hero list, when the two really entered the AI industry, of course, all the spectators were most concerned about:What are you going to do and what kind of business model are you going to establish?

From the current mainstream point of view, the AI ? ? big model and ChatGPT entrepreneurship actually require high R&D investment. In fact, the only team in China that is most suitable for competition and has a greater possibility of success is BAT, an Internet giant with a cloud computing platform and a large number of users and related data.

Some insiders have calculated the relevant costs. "ChatGPT hardware needs 30,000 top-level GPUs, plus CPU, memory, hard disk, network and data center power supply and buildings, which is close to 10 billion yuan.Training takes several months at a time, and besides the huge cost of materials and electricity, there is also the cost of software development. "

In the past few years, both Ali and Tencent have invested no less than $50-10 billion in OpenAI. However, from the landing effect, the results are not obvious.

The same is true for Wang Xing and Wang Huiwen.They face as many difficulties as Ali.

At present, the advantages of the two men in the process of starting a business are rich entrepreneurial experience, keen market insight, talking about ideals, talking about feelings and grabbing talents. Wang Xing and Wang Huiwen are very powerful.

Earlier news showed that recently, Liu Jiang, vice president of Beijing Zhiyuan Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, wrote in a circle of friends that he had decided to join Wang Huiwen’s "light years away", and he also called other "AI heroes" to join the team.

It shows the appeal of the two of them, but in addition to the above competitive factors, the specific landing scenarios, related business models and profit models of the AI ? ? big model are still being explored.

Is it ToB, facing the business side, using ChatGPT and big model as an interface to improve the efficiency of production and service, or ToC, putting the AI big model technology to the ground and making a more reliable and intelligent chat robot?

Just like several keywords mentioned by Wang Huiwen in the continuation of the hero list, "unclear, vague and unclear" indirectly summarizes the mentality of both surprise and anxiety about related technologies in the industry.

Wang Xing and Wang Huiwen took a group photo.

What we can make clear is that in the process of AI entrepreneurship, in addition to technical belief, it is necessary to have sufficient capital and the support of related industries, and it is actually very difficult to simply explore technology without landing scenes.

Wang Xing and Wang Huiwen stood up and supported the industrial development with actual funds. They played more of the role of "investors". This move deserves more people’s follow. After all, no matter how difficult the technical research is, someone must promote it.

Betting on AI entrepreneurship is a new journey for these two Internet giants, and the whole Internet industry is waiting for the day when the truth comes out.

Author | Lao Dian

Listening to your words is better than listening to them.

Casey left AC Milan on a free transfer before this season. He had been at the club for three years. In an interview published earlier, the midfielder discussed the difference between Milan and Barcelona. He said that the goal is the same, winning is the only thing, but other aspects are very different.

"I want to say that they are two very different ways of playing football and their understanding of football. Here, Barcelona is more technical. The same is winning, yes, but not in every way. Barcelona is very demanding of good scenes, and every player should have a wonderful performance to do this. In Milan, it’s different, everything is more direct. But the most important thing is the result. The constant is that in these two clubs, you have to win, of course.

Barcelona is currently ranked first in the La Liga standings. After a little struggle at first, Kathy has gained a foothold. Therefore, it is unlikely to return to Milan (or join Inter).

Kill the fish in the 90 th minute! Great Paris gave birth to two kings overnight, and 2-1 is not enough： it is already a spent force.

In the 27th round of Ligue 1, Paris Saint-Germain quickly got out of the shadow of losing 2-0 to Bayern in the quarter-finals of the Champions League, and this game won 2-1 and made profits, with its record picking up. Brest, ranked 15th in the French Ligue 1 standings, was played away by Barley, and Sohler and Mbappé each scored one goal, which was one of the heroes of the victory in Paris. Aunola also scored one goal for brest, which was once even. Messi also played well in this campaign and completed wonderful assists.

After being knocked out of the Champions League, Barley wanted to concentrate on the French Championship. The head coach Garger sent 4222 system in this game, Messi cooperated with Mbappé in double shooting, Fabian Ruiz and Sohler cooperated with double avant-garde, Virathit cooperated with Zaire-emeri with double midfielders, Nuno Mendes cooperated with Danilo Pereira, Ramos cooperated with Pembele with four defenders, and goalkeeper Donaruma and 11 starters were worth 500 million euros. Brest has an average lineup, with 11 starters worth only 4,380.

Paris Saint-Germain controls the rhythm of the court with its powerful strength, with the ball control rate reaching 61%. Compared with brest’s 17-7 shot, 8-2 shot was a positive comparison, and finally it became a 2-1 winner. The course of the game was very difficult for Balinese, who should have won easily. Obviously, the 2-1 dominance was far from enough. A group of giants had reached the end of their tether, playing hard for anyone, and the offensive and defensive ends were not balanced. On the defensive end, Dali collapsed and collapsed, and the 1-0 lead was tied until the 90-minute lore ended; Offensively, Baali relied heavily on Mbappé and Messi, two superstars, and failed to form a good whole.

In the 37th minute, Mbappé completed a cold shot outside the restricted area by virtue of his personal ability, and the goalkeeper saved the ball. Sohler scored a goal in front of the door and Greater Paris led 1-0. In the 43rd minute, Del Castillo made a long pass and Aunola, who was inserted before the assist, scored a goal with a single shot, and brest scored 1-1 in Paris. After 90 minutes, Messi finished the delicate and straight plug in the midfield, and Mbappé made a single pass after the forward insertion, and went straight through the goalkeeper and scored an empty goal to help the team beat brest 2-1.

Great Paris, the winner of this game, finally won 21 matches in Ligue 1 this season, leading the Ligue 1 standings with 21 wins, 3 draws, 3 losses and 66 points. Marseille, the second-ranked city, won 17 wins, 4 draws and 5 losses, and scored 55 points in a match in Bali. From the data point of view, Greater Paris produced two kings in one night, Messi completed the thirteenth assist in Ligue 1 in the season, crowned the assist king in the five major leagues of the season and surpassed De Braune by 12 points; Mbappé was promoted to the top French shooter in the history of Paris team, scoring 138 goals on behalf of Paris, and tied with cavani as the best French shooter in history.

As the saying goes, one mountain can’t accommodate two tigers, and the two kings of Paris are about to part ways, and their MMN combination with Neymar is on the verge of collapse. Three people have won the Champions League for two consecutive seasons, which proves that they can’t achieve the effect of 1 plus 1 plus 1=3. Messi refused to renew the contract with Paris, and the contract expired in the summer; Neymar was reimbursed for the season, and Dali also made a decision to sell him voluntarily; Ramos, another big star, also signed the contract in the summer window, and there is no sign of renewing the contract so far. According to the analysis of L ‘Equipe, the Greater Paris will be rebuilt again this summer, and a team will be formed around Mbappé while solving financial problems and reducing salary expenses, which will further promote the transfer of Messi and Neymar.

Mbappé escaped the red card before the lore! Hook down the opponent+revenge kick yellow VAR not changed.

On March 12th, Beijing time, Paris Saint-Germain beat brest 2-1, and Mbappé scored in the 91st minute, but before that, he was almost sent off with a red card!

Mbappé has become the top scorer of the team history in Greater Paris. However, against Bayern in the Champions League, he got nothing, only stopped in the top 16 and missed the big ear cup again. The battle with brest was a good opportunity for Tim to prove himself again. He put on the captain’s armband and performed quite well.

In the 37th minute, Great Paris broke the deadlock on the field, and the goal came from Mbappé’s long-range shot hitting the post, and Sohler shot back into the net. In the 62 nd minute, he didn’t pass it to Messi after stealing in the restricted area, but chose to shoot with his right foot, but unfortunately it was outrageous.

In the 86th minute, when Mbappé was fighting, he hooked Belko Bula from behind, and the latter hugged General Mu’s left leg. Mbappé retaliated and kicked Belko Bula. brest midfielder immediately stood up and theorized, and the two sides clashed!

In the end, the referee on duty presented a yellow card to each of them, and after VAR intervened, there was no revision. However, Tim can get a red card for this retaliatory kick, can’t he?

Five minutes later, Messi went straight to the goal, and Mbappé scored the winner after passing the goalkeeper, becoming a hero in Paris, scoring 40+ goals for four consecutive seasons, ranking first in Ligue 1, which is also the 3000th goal in the top league in team history.

9.3.2 Another computing machine 2

This book regards the conceived language machine as the latest development of language media system tools, and language machines can also be analyzed and compared in the history of computing machines.

When Turing conceived the Turing machine, he began by observing the process of people’s calculation on paper with pens. The Turing machine device conceived was used to simulate the behavior of human beings in the calculation process. Turing machine models calculation problems by establishing rules about symbols, internal states, and how input and state determine output. Simply put, given the input, Turing machine can output regularly. The idea of Turing machine is more from the machine, which is reflected in the fact that the atomic operation of Turing machine is based on a character: reading a character, making judgment and processing, and the output is only a character or no output. This is unnatural to understand from a human perspective. The object of concern in manual calculation operation is various expressions, which may be a single symbol only under certain circumstances. In this book, we regard calculation as equivalence in expression-substitution as a calculation operation. In an abstract sense, Turing machine’s output from input to rule can also be regarded as a replacement operation. Only the substitution of a single symbol is not a human computing behavior pattern. The effect is the same problem, usually Turing machine needs to establish more rules.

As mentioned earlier, Turing machine is equivalent to Chomsky’s type 2 grammar. The basis of Chomsky’s grammar theory, such as production rules, is also a substitution operation in nature. Chomsky’s grammar theory forms the grammatical basis of modern programming languages. A few months before Turing submitted his paper, the American mathematician alonzo church (June, 1903–August, 1995) submitted his paper "Explanation on Deterministic Problems", which also proved that there was no solution to the deterministic problems. Qiu Qi’s argument is based on Lambda calculus. Qiu Qi’s Lambda calculus is equivalent to Turing machine’s computing power. By studying the theory of Lambda calculus, we can find that the operation of calculus is obviously embodied in recursive symbol replacement. Through more investigation of the history of computing machines, other computing machine models based on similar replacement operation designs can be found. Turing machine thought does not explain where the rules from input to output come from, which is regarded as open. Church’s Lambda calculus theory, Chomsky grammar theory and other theories and models are also considered from a specific technical point of view. In this book, calculation is not studied as an independent topic, but in the context of the use of symbols. The replacement rules on which calculation is based can be classified as equivalence relations in knowledge or facts, including existing equivalence relations and potentially derivable equivalence relations. The background on which this book is based enables machines to be used as tools for language media systems.

Modern computer is an engineering realization of turing machine, and turing machine is not only realized by modern computer. The processing of modern computers is ultimately decomposed into arithmetic and logical calculations. Turing machine theory itself has no such requirement, which is only determined by the technical route. The consistency of binary system and its calculation in symbol and physics has brought modern computers. In the concept of language machine, the process based on substitution-transformation can have special advantages in terms of the efficiency of calculation execution. Because it can operate directly on any level of expression, it reduces the process of decomposition back to atomic operation. A substitution-transformation operation in expression corresponds to many times of atomic arithmetic, logical calculation operations and corresponding internal communication of modern computers, and theoretically, the consumption of space and time will be smaller.

Using the present computer, it is possible to simulate the ability to perform substitution-transformation operations at the expression level, or to package a programming language based on substitution-transformation operations. For the goal of language machine, these schemes have only limited verification significance. First of all, this brings some kind of cycle: virtual replacement-conversion operation based on logical and arithmetic calculation, and logical and mathematical calculation based on replacement-conversion operation. Conceptually, this book thinks that substitution-transformation is a more basic operation than logical and arithmetic calculation. Secondly, it sacrifices the possible efficiency advantages of language machines. The conception, design and implementation of language machine may draw lessons from some current computer technologies, and the overall use mode is difficult to be compared with the use of von Neumann machine. It can be predicted that the language machine will be realized, and its ability will not exceed that of a universal Turing machine, which does not constitute a key evaluation of the language machine. What the language machine pursues is the effects that can be brought by the new man-machine collaboration, which are first of all for people.

If the language machine is finally realizable, will it be dedicated or can it be used as a new universal machine? It is too early to think about such a problem now. It can be seen that the discussion in this book is basically limited to the scope of theoretical knowledge. By comparison, the application of computers is mainly in the fields of technology and engineering. In the problem solving in these fields, many problems are not typical calculation problems; Empirical rules are equally important for solving all kinds of problems, and they are not all deducible from theory. This book is to understand the language machine from the perspective of language tools, and to support people’s use of symbols is always the first. On the other hand, once the machine shows some potential, people will try to maximize the potential of the machine, which is easier to carry out and may be counterproductive to the goal of using human-oriented symbols by the machine.

In application, the depth of language mechanism and content of language machine is related to the problems considered by artificial intelligence at present, so the two can also be compared. Fundamentally, their ideological starting points are different. The primary goal of language machine is to replace tools such as paper, pen, ink and computer to support the construction and use of human language and realize more effective use of human language with the help of tools. Contemporary artificial intelligence generally uses machines to simulate the intellectual behavior of the human brain, so that more jobs that were originally done by people can be replaced by machines. This book regards human intelligence as developing or expanding with the use of symbols, rather than a roughly fixed model that can be imitated and replaced by machines.

While better cooperating with the use of symbols by human beings, the knowledge possessed by human beings and machines can be more and more similar, and the knowledge possessed by machines can exceed the capacity of any human individual; In the past, more and more symbolic regular operations performed by people can be performed by machines, and they are more efficient; At this point, it is no problem to say that the behavior shown by the machine is intelligent. Let’s look at a concrete example, the relationship between category and instance. A is a category, and X is an example under the category. We say that X belongs to A, and the word "belonging" can be understood by interpretation. It is doubtful whether the understanding formed by this explanation is really effective, and it is impossible for us to explain the machine like this. Now, we can realize such a mechanism: X is an example under category A, which contains any proposition of A. You can replace A with X, and the proposition still holds. This substitutable relationship can be actually implemented by the machine in a specific context. From the operational sense, the language machine shows that it has understood that "X is an example under category A". Machines don’t understand whether symbolic units have meaning or not, just like people do. On the other hand, an important sign of understanding is to know how to operate symbols.

A popular view is that modern computers are good at dealing with structured and regular knowledge, but they are not good at dealing with unstructured and open knowledge, such as common sense. With the development of machines in the latter direction, we can understand and imitate human intelligence more. First of all, this book does not think that a perfect understanding of structured rule knowledge has been established, and this theory has been disintegrated in machine application. Modern computers began with computing as an independent theme. To this end, this book has established its own theory, the core point is: knowledge is expressed based on equivalence relation, and calculation is based on equivalence relation. On this basis, we discuss how to build knowledge in the machine, thus making the machine have deduction ability. What is important is the structured and regular knowledge, which corresponds to the expansion of human intelligence and cognition by symbols. From the perspective of the division of labor between machines and humans, it is a reasonable way to improve or innovate tools to enhance this expansion.

The emphasis on common sense makes natural language a core theme of artificial intelligence. Through the establishment of a complex language model and statistical calculation on a large number of corpus, the machine also shows a certain language processing ability. From the economic point of view, these advances can be of great value. Most white-collar jobs are fixed jobs and do not need real creativity. It is possible that these processes are close to some parts of human intelligence, but this will not be the core part. The deductive ability of a language machine, ideally, can calculate all possible conclusions from the currently known theories and facts. This ability is the part of human intelligence expanded by symbols. This book only re-understands and realizes this part of intelligence as a more general way.

When the system we build shows that we can name, define, form new cognition and express, and ask questions, we can probably say that it is close to the core of human intelligence. This may require more systematic research, and a continuous understanding from perceptual experience to symbol system and from natural language to abstract symbol system can be established before we can find out whether there are some forms of intelligence that always depend on it. This book is more concerned about whether we can develop new forms and ways of using symbols, so that human beings can use symbols more efficiently.

Will artificial intelligence reduce human creativity？

This is a controversial topic. As an efficient and intelligent tool, artificial intelligence can help people complete some tasks that require a lot of calculation and analysis, such as natural language processing, image recognition, data analysis and so on. In the past, these tasks may require human beings to invest a lot of time and energy, but with the development of artificial intelligence technology, these tasks can be completed more quickly and accurately, thus saving human time and energy and enabling people to concentrate more on creative work.

However, some people think that artificial intelligence will reduce human creativity. Because artificial intelligence is a "non-human" technology, its working principle and thinking mode are different from human beings. Some people think that when people rely too much on artificial intelligence to complete certain tasks, they will gradually lose their creative thinking, because they only need to complete tasks according to the guidance of machine learning algorithms, and do not need to think about solving problems themselves. This kind of mechanical repetitive work may make people gradually lose in-depth thinking and creative solutions to problems.

However, some people think that artificial intelligence will not reduce human creativity, on the contrary, it will stimulate human creativity. Artificial intelligence can process a large amount of data quickly and accurately, and extract rules and patterns from it. These patterns and patterns can be used as inspiration for human creative thinking, so that human beings can better understand problems and find solutions. In addition, artificial intelligence can accomplish some mechanical repetitive work, so that human beings can be more involved in creative work, which will promote human creativity.

Therefore, whether artificial intelligence will have an impact on human creativity still needs to be observed and explored. While using artificial intelligence, we also need to keep our creative thinking and play, and constantly look for innovative ideas and methods to meet the ever-developing social needs.

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