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Exercise can really lower blood pressure, and the research has been hammered! 3 kinds of exercise, especially suitable for patients with hypertension.

Hypertension is one of the most common metabolic diseases, and most patients suffer from it. On the one hand, it means taking medicine for a long time or even for life. On the other hand, in life, they need to regulate their own lives and adjust their daily behavior, and then they are subject to many restrictions.

However, in order to control blood pressure and stabilize the disease, these things have to be done, and they must be adhered to in order to get healthy. As for the methods of lowering blood pressure in daily life, most people will think of exercise, but few people know whether exercise can lower blood pressure and how to lower it.

Can exercise lower blood pressure? Look at the answers given by scientific research.

Here’s one for everyone first."reassuring":

Getting into the habit of exercise does have a stable antihypertensive effect.

according toAberdeen Thai university of dundee, UKThe comparative experiment conducted by the research group shows that conveningMore than 6000 elderly people with hypertension were treated.People, after a series of moderate and high-intensity exercises such as pedaling bicycles and jogging,Blood pressure dropped by about 9% on average..

According to the researchers’ further discovery, the tension of the autonomic nervous system is reduced due to the acceleration of metabolism during the exercise of the elderly.catecholamineThe amount of release is reduced, soBlood vessels will also expand reasonably.With the increase of vascular capacity, blood pressure naturally decreases.

Not only that, exercise can also make the bodyMuscle fibers thicken, which in turn makes blood vessels more elastic., can withstand the negative effects of hypertension and reduce the risk of complications.

It can be seen that exercise does have the effect of lowering blood pressure, but although exercise is good, it is not appropriate to take the wrong method, such asExcessive exercise, the choice is not suitable for their own physical fitness.Sports events, etc., on the contrary, it is easy for your bones and muscles to be consumed and worn, increasing injuries and hidden dangers of diseases.

Therefore, for friends who want to rely on exercise to lower their blood pressure, it is very important to choose their own exercise methods. Here are three kinds of exercises recommended, which are especially in line with the physiology and condition of patients with hypertension.

Want to lower blood pressure through exercise? Try these three kinds of exercise.

The first kind: running or jogging.

Running should be the simplest and most obvious exercise mode, as the mostClassic aerobic exerciseExercise intensity is moderate, and it can effectively enhance the body’s blood oxygen content, further improve blood quality, and play a better role in lowering blood pressure.

Of course, running also needs to pay attention to "degree". Generally speaking, patients with hypertensionRun about 1 km to 3 km every day.That is, greed is easy to burden knees and muscles.

The second type: light and moderate resistance exercise.

What is resistance movement? Simply put, it is a way of exercise that will impose a certain burden or oppression on the body, such asDumbbells, sandbags, push-ups, etc, all belong to the typical resistance movement mode.

However, some studies have found that proper resistance exercise canReduce the activity of vagus nerve in patients with hypertension,Down-regulating the sensitivity of peripheral sympathetic nerveTo reduce vascular resistance.Therefore, proper circulatory resistance training has also been written into the guidelines of the European Heart Association in 2020.

The third kind: cycling

Simply put, cycling is one of the typical endurance sports methods.Adjust the leg shape, strengthen the muscles and body shape., has a very good effect.

At the same time, cycling can also play a good role in lowering blood pressure. While riding a bicycle,Because of breathing and wind pressure,The frequency of oxygen we breathe will increase,Increased blood oxygen content. Therefore, the blood circulation in the heart will also be accelerated, which will strengthen the heart and maintain blood pressure.

Not only that, according to research, riding a bike often, justPrevent nerve aging and osteoporosisIt can also help.

To sum up, for patients with hypertension, it is absolutely right to exercise regularly. Choosing the exercise method that suits them best, arranging life plans scientifically and reasonably, controlling blood pressure and stabilizing their condition are actually things that are easy to grasp.

References:

[1] Li Jian ‘an. Exercise and rehabilitation of senile essential hypertension [J]. practical geriatrics, 2001, 15(5):3.

[2] Fang Li, Wang Yejing, Fu Chaowei, et al. Qualitative research on influencing factors of long-term effect of hypertension exercise intervention [J]. China General Medicine, 2006, 9(15):3.

English League Cup： Manchester United vs Newcastle United! If you don’t rotate, you will collapse？ Newcastle are afraid to give up the cup

Let’s have our first chat today.United Cup: Manchester United vs Newcastle!

However, Manchester United has been very poor recently, and the Internet is full of posts about Teng Hager. Last season’s "Teng Sheng" and "Da Ming" have become "Teng Hi" and "Incompetence".

But Newcastle’s crisis may be even bigger. If Eddie Howe doesn’t handle it well, it may become the next Berlin League.

The Berlin United we talked about yesterday was overwhelmed by two-track operations, causing a lot of injuries, and then both strength and morale collapsed.

Newcastle haven’t collapsed yet, and it’s still the sixth place in the Premier League, but it may be soon.

Now they have a lot of injuries, Xiao wine made a simple picture, Isaac, Boatman and other six main or semi-main players will come back at the end of the month as soon as possible.

With so many injuries, what has caused a situation?

Last time they played Wolves, there was no striker on the bench.

There are 9 people on the bench, but they are almost all goalkeepers and defenders, with only two midfielders and none strikers.

Moreover, the two midfielders, Willock and Ritchie, are in poor condition. On the one hand, they are weak. On the other hand, they have only played 53 minutes in the Premier League this season, and they are very lacking in competition.

This is actually a terrible thing-A team that plays on two fronts in the Champions League and Premier League has no reliable strikers and midfielders on the bench.

So we can see that against Wolves, Newcastle only changed one person … There is really no one to change.

This is very dangerous.

You know, playing Dortmund on the 26th is a tough battle, and it costs a lot. And the number 29 wolvesIt rained heavily.,The physical consumption of rain fighting is greater.

Newcastle played two high-intensity games in these four days, and the starting lineup actually changed only one injured Isaac! Wolves have only changed one substitute to play!

You know, their starting lineupThe average age is 29.2 years.! Very old! Their game style is still fierce and easy to get hurt.

Today’s game against Manchester United is the third game in eight days. If Eddie Howe dares to fight again, if one or two people are injured again, I’m afraid it will become Berlin United.

Of course, even if they want to fight,I’m afraid these main players can’t fight any more.

In the last game against wolves, their performance was very poor.

Yes, I did get two, but how did these two get in?

The first one was that armand traore, the Wolves’ midfielder, knocked over his goalkeeper, selling half and giving one to Newcastle.

The second was to give Newcastle a controversial penalty.

Although Taylor gave the penalty the first time, from the VAR replay, Schell was suspected of diving, maybe not a penalty, but also to Newcastle Huang Ka.

On the contrary, wolves have more opportunities here, such asNeto has unlimited military training on the side, Bourne.

Bowen is not weak, of course, but you should know that as the tallest giant defender in the Premier League, the full-back who played this season is very physically exhausted. The third consecutive game is still a rainy battle. How can he get the physical strength to defend Neto?

If Neto hadn’t been injured by accident, I’m afraid Wolves would have entered.

On the other side, Trippier is also terrible-only two of the 11 confrontations were successful, with a success rate of 18.2%.

Trippier, a first-class defender, was beaten so badly, mainly because he was too tired. After all, a 33-year-old man played the whole game twice in four days, which one can hold up?

If Newcastle can’t stand the wolves’ strong flank, then why play Manchester United today?

Manchester United and Rachford, these wingers, are better than Neto Huang Xican, right?

The pressure on Manchester United is too great, and it has been sprayed all the time. The last Manchester derby made people hang easily, and it was even worse.

Tenghage is different from Eddie Howe.

Eddie Howe can bring Newcastle to this height, and there is no need to worry about prestige, class crisis and so on.

But Tenghage should consider these. If he loses again, can he still convince the public? Will class be over? These are really hard to say.

Therefore, Newcastle can not fight, just stay and play the League and the precious Champions League. Even if you want to play the domestic cup, there will be a more important FA Cup. What is the British Cup? Tottenham Hotspur, which fights on a single line, rotates greatly.

But Manchester United really have no retreat. For them, victory will be more important than rotation.

Therefore, although the recent situation is worse for Manchester United, Manchester United really needs a victory.

On the Newcastle side, what Eddie Howe needs most is the health of the players. As for the British League Cup, the priority may not be too high.

Although the strength of the two sides is close, the gap in fighting spirit may be huge, and in the chicken rib cup, fighting spirit may be more important than strength, for example, Wolfsburg played Leipzig yesterday.

All things considered, can Manchester United satisfy the fans? What do you think? The cocktail party will look forward to their victory.

Well, in other competitions today, Xiaojiu will still send you text analysis in the evening. If you have anything unclear, you can ask me, "Look at the ball and see clearly", and we will be there or not!

If you like it, move your fingers and pay attention to it!

On the atmosphere, China football is still far ahead, far ahead of German football.

Do you remember that last year, the Top10 classic story happened in China football?

It is said that there was a big upset in the second round of the FA Cup in 2022. Beijing Guoan was eliminated by Jingchuan Wenhui, the Chinese champion team, at 5: 7, which broke the big upset. You should know that Zhongguan is the fourth professional league in China and it is an amateur team, but Jingchuan Wenhui still belongs to the downstream team in the Chinese champion.

However, after the game, the official account of Beijing Guoan issued a document saying: This is a close game, and finally said that Jingchuan Wenhui, which is better in strength, won the game. This also made some Guoan fans angry, lost to amateur teams, and boasted that they were stronger than themselves, and they really lost face.

In a word, the top team in the top football league in China lost to the fourth league, which is quite calm. How easy it is to respect that this is a close game.

Let’s go to German football, Bundesliga and European football overlord Bayern Munich, needless to say; The other team, Saarbrü cken, is quite unknown to us. According to media reports.Saarbrü cken is a German football team in the third division. In the second round of the German Cup between these two teams with such a big difference, Saarbrü cken actually pulled down the giant Bayern 2-1 in 96 minutes.

The 96 th minute lore

After the game, start fromThe Saarbrü cken team came to see their mood. Saarbrü cken player Zelitz said: Up to now, my mind is in a mess. I don’t know how to be happy. No one can guess the result. Before the game, we had achieved the result that we might suffer a fiasco, but in the end, when you saw that the scoreboard said 2-1, it was incredible.

The winner is not as calm as our China team, which is quite understandable, because it is difficult to leapfrog the victory because of the details and systematization of German football.

Look at Bayern again, losing and losing. From the club official, "this is unacceptable. I don’t understand why the players played so badly in the first half." Disappointment is huge. " To the players’ "Unbelievable. Unbelievable. We are really disappointed with this result. "

Compared with Beijing Guoan, Bayern’s tolerance is much smaller and a little frustrated. Look at the official announcement of Guoan: this is a close game, and the opponent’s strength is even better.

My humble opinion, rather critical, I wonder if football in China is the real atmosphere, or is it shameful.

2023 FISU Football World Cup： Beijing Normal University won the women’s football championship.

On October 31st, in the women’s final of the 2023 FISU Football World Cup held in Jinjiang, Fujian, China’s Beijing Normal University team beat Brazil’s paulista University team by a total score of 7-6 in a penalty shootout and won the championship.

↑ The starting players of Beijing Normal University team took a group photo before the game.

↑ Beijing Normal University team players celebrate the championship.

Zhou Xinyu, a women’s football player from Beijing Normal University, celebrated the goal.

Zhou Xinyu (right), a player of Beijing Normal University team, shot in the game.

Zou Mengyao (left), a player from Beijing Normal University, competes with Diovanna, a female football player from paulista University.

Photography: Lai Jincai

Source: Xinhua News Agency

CBA News 3： Shanghai signed the teaching assistant of the national team, Cummings was rejected, and Si Nan averaged five hats per game.

Patriotic basket, love CBA, I am Sister Luo, and friends remember to like it after reading it!

In this offseason, the Shanghai team must take the lead in solving the problem of team coaches. After Li Chunjiang was banned, the Shanghai team was in a state of being leaderless. During the two seasons when Li Chunjiang led the team to play, he actually found the development direction and ideas for the Shanghai team. As far as the current situation is concerned, it is not suitable for the Shanghai team to find a head coach who doesn’t know the team at all, which is equivalent to establishing a new system from scratch. Next season, the performance of the Shanghai team may drop sharply, which is definitely meaningless. As far as the current situation is concerned, the head coach that the Shanghai team needs is a coach who knows the team and knows Li Chunjiang’s guiding intention, and the team now has such a person.

It is reported that the Shanghai team has planned to sign their former assistant coach Liu Peng, who is an assistant coach of the national team. Liu Peng’s coaching ability is really good. In recent seasons, he has been able to coach in the national team every time, and Du Feng has trusted him. The most important point is that Liu Peng has been studying with Li Chunjiang. He is very clear about the players that the Shanghai team is focusing on training now, and Liu Peng has a resume of overseas study. He is very worthy of being reused by the Shanghai team, but at present, Liu Peng is only the temporary acting head coach in the Shanghai team, and the team depends on his later performance. The Shanghai team has invested a lot of money in recent seasons, and they will almost start to pursue achievements next season.

Sister Luo thinks that Liu Peng is a coach who is more suitable for the Shanghai team. He has always served as an assistant coach in the team, and Liu Peng is a coach who is very willing to think. However, when he was the head coach of the Shanghai team, the team’s performance was not ideal, so Liu Peng was forced to leave class. Now he is not the same as he was then. Liu Peng has also made progress and promotion. The Shanghai team can fully trust his ability. In a word, Liu Peng’s coaching ability is not bad, otherwise he would not be able to enter the national team. Now there are many coaches that China men’s basketball team can choose, and he can be elected as the assistant coach of the national team, which at least proves that Liu Peng’s coaching ability has been recognized.

Liu Peng, Acting Head Coach of Shanghai Team, gave guidance.

The second news is about Cummings, a small foreign aid of Guangsha team. Recently, a well-known basketball reporter broke the news that Cummings has followed Guangsha team to Dongguan to prepare for the life-and-death battle with Guangdong team. However, fans are not too happy to hear this news. Many people think that Guangsha team should give up Cummings because his physical confrontation ability is really poor. In the face of Guangdong team’s tough defense, Cummings’ role is completely inferior to Wells’.

It’s hard to imagine that a foreign aid will be rejected by the fans, and the fans of Guangsha team really don’t want to see Cummings play. In the case of reusing Wells in the second game, Guangsha team won the final victory. Maybe it’s a good idea to abandon Cummings, but director Wang Bo still trusts him. This season, he prefers to use Cummings as a foreign aid, and Wells didn’t have so many chances to play before.

Sister Luo thinks that the fans of Guangsha team don’t have to worry. Even if Cummings follows the team to Dongguan, he may not be able to play. Now the list of 12 people in Guangsha team is redundant. Cummings can enter the big list first to see the situation. If Wells’ effect is not very good, then Cummings can play and give it a try. Comparatively speaking, Cummings’ three-point shooting percentage will be higher than Wells’, and his speed will be faster than Wells’s.

Guangsha team’s small foreign aid Will Cummings

The third news is about China insider who is playing in the United States. He is one of the most promising young insider players in China at present. He is only 16 years old this year, and his height has reached 2.12 meters. His wingspan data is 2.30 meters, which is definitely a top insider talent. When playing in American high schools this season, he can send out five blocked shots per game, which is quite scary.

In fact, from the perspective of static talent, there is a certain gap between Chisinan and Zhou Qi. qi zhou’s wingspan data has reached 2.36 meters, but Chisinan’s advantage is that he went to the United States to play earlier. Recently, Chisinan won the offer from the University of Alabama, a well-known NCAA team. The University of Alabama defeated the China men’s basketball team once in the European warm-up match. From this point, it can be seen that,

Sister Luo thinks that as long as they are truly talented players in China, they should sign up for the Cai Chongxin Foundation for Studying Abroad. Qi Sinan went to play in the United States through the sponsorship of Mr. Cai Chongxin. He not only had the opportunity to attack the NBA, but more importantly, Qi Sinan could only participate in the CBA draft after returning to China in the future. He could not directly sign contracts with other CBA teams. This is a very critical issue. In the future, more outstanding players will become the top draft players in the CBA draft.

Chisnan was invited by the University of Alabama.

At present, the value of the top pick in the draft of CBA league is far from enough. Like last year’s draft, there should have been many other young players. Fans all think that Wang Quanze will definitely be the top pick. However, no one expected that Wang Quanze had already signed a contract with the Guangzhou team.

However, if Chisnan can’t play in the NBA league in the future, he will definitely be an explosive top pick when he returns home. Which fishing team can get Chisnan, they have a good chance to rise. At least from the current situation, Chisnan has a strong dominance on the defensive end, and he is likely to be an inside player of qi zhou level in the future.

Summary of the most complete AI tool websites in the whole network, it is enough to read this article!

With the continuous development and application of artificial intelligence technology,

More and more tools and software can help 3D modelers and artists.

Create and express our works better.

We have specially collected the navigation websites of AI related tools.

They can help you improve your work efficiency, creative inspiration and creative expression.

So as to better show their creativity and imagination.

AI navigation website

An AI navigation website created by Chinese people not only integrates famous AI websites at home and abroad, but also has special registration and use guides and related information, which can be said to be very intimate!

Another navigation station, although there is no relevant tutorial, covers a wider range of industries and is quite good.

Compared with the first two websites, it is almost interesting, but it is also collected for a rainy day!

There is not much included, but it is completely enough!

Foreign websites can see the latest AI popularity rankings and understand the latest trends of AI.

In addition to the above,

There are also some foreign websites.

I’m also attached here, but

Model friends can visit by themselves!

Directory Landing

There may be some content that needs magic.

What other excellent AI websites do you recommend?

Welcome to share in the message area!

Yes, please click one to watch.

Kill the fish in the 90 th minute! Great Paris gave birth to two kings overnight, and 2-1 is not enough： it is already a spent force.

In the 27th round of Ligue 1, Paris Saint-Germain quickly got out of the shadow of losing 2-0 to Bayern in the quarter-finals of the Champions League, and this game won 2-1 and made profits, with its record picking up. Brest, ranked 15th in the French Ligue 1 standings, was played away by Barley, and Sohler and Mbappé each scored one goal, which was one of the heroes of the victory in Paris. Aunola also scored one goal for brest, which was once even. Messi also played well in this campaign and completed wonderful assists.

After being knocked out of the Champions League, Barley wanted to concentrate on the French Championship. The head coach Garger sent 4222 system in this game, Messi cooperated with Mbappé in double shooting, Fabian Ruiz and Sohler cooperated with double avant-garde, Virathit cooperated with Zaire-emeri with double midfielders, Nuno Mendes cooperated with Danilo Pereira, Ramos cooperated with Pembele with four defenders, and goalkeeper Donaruma and 11 starters were worth 500 million euros. Brest has an average lineup, with 11 starters worth only 4,380.

Paris Saint-Germain controls the rhythm of the court with its powerful strength, with the ball control rate reaching 61%. Compared with brest’s 17-7 shot, 8-2 shot was a positive comparison, and finally it became a 2-1 winner. The course of the game was very difficult for Balinese, who should have won easily. Obviously, the 2-1 dominance was far from enough. A group of giants had reached the end of their tether, playing hard for anyone, and the offensive and defensive ends were not balanced. On the defensive end, Dali collapsed and collapsed, and the 1-0 lead was tied until the 90-minute lore ended; Offensively, Baali relied heavily on Mbappé and Messi, two superstars, and failed to form a good whole.

In the 37th minute, Mbappé completed a cold shot outside the restricted area by virtue of his personal ability, and the goalkeeper saved the ball. Sohler scored a goal in front of the door and Greater Paris led 1-0. In the 43rd minute, Del Castillo made a long pass and Aunola, who was inserted before the assist, scored a goal with a single shot, and brest scored 1-1 in Paris. After 90 minutes, Messi finished the delicate and straight plug in the midfield, and Mbappé made a single pass after the forward insertion, and went straight through the goalkeeper and scored an empty goal to help the team beat brest 2-1.

Great Paris, the winner of this game, finally won 21 matches in Ligue 1 this season, leading the Ligue 1 standings with 21 wins, 3 draws, 3 losses and 66 points. Marseille, the second-ranked city, won 17 wins, 4 draws and 5 losses, and scored 55 points in a match in Bali. From the data point of view, Greater Paris produced two kings in one night, Messi completed the thirteenth assist in Ligue 1 in the season, crowned the assist king in the five major leagues of the season and surpassed De Braune by 12 points; Mbappé was promoted to the top French shooter in the history of Paris team, scoring 138 goals on behalf of Paris, and tied with cavani as the best French shooter in history.

As the saying goes, one mountain can’t accommodate two tigers, and the two kings of Paris are about to part ways, and their MMN combination with Neymar is on the verge of collapse. Three people have won the Champions League for two consecutive seasons, which proves that they can’t achieve the effect of 1 plus 1 plus 1=3. Messi refused to renew the contract with Paris, and the contract expired in the summer; Neymar was reimbursed for the season, and Dali also made a decision to sell him voluntarily; Ramos, another big star, also signed the contract in the summer window, and there is no sign of renewing the contract so far. According to the analysis of L ‘Equipe, the Greater Paris will be rebuilt again this summer, and a team will be formed around Mbappé while solving financial problems and reducing salary expenses, which will further promote the transfer of Messi and Neymar.

Terzic： After losing to Chelsea, Dortmund criticized himself and wanted to win the Ruhr Derby with all his strength.

Live broadcast on March 11 th, Beijing time on Sunday morning, Dortmund will usher in the Ruhr Derby against Schalke. In an interview before the game, Dortmund coach Terzic talked about the game.

Terzic said: "Derby always comes at the right time. Not only are we looking forward to it, but the whole Ruhr area is looking forward to it. This is a regular game, but the atmosphere and intensity of the game are different. It is meaningless to look at the league rankings of the two teams. Schalke’s performance is very good and he will try to put pressure on us. "

"After being eliminated by Chelsea, we were disappointed. We criticized ourselves and now we are very eager to win. There are still 14 games this season, including 11 Bundesliga games and 3 cup games. We hope to win in these 14 games. "

This is Alai’s first time to participate in the Ruhr Derby, and Terzic said: "This is the competition they want to participate in. When they join Dortmund, they want to participate in such a competition. This is a very special game. When the football game is defined with a new name, you will know the importance of the game. After defeating Leipzig last week, the fans asked us to win the derby, and we don’t want to live up to their expectations. "

9.3.2 Another computing machine 2

This book regards the conceived language machine as the latest development of language media system tools, and language machines can also be analyzed and compared in the history of computing machines.

When Turing conceived the Turing machine, he began by observing the process of people’s calculation on paper with pens. The Turing machine device conceived was used to simulate the behavior of human beings in the calculation process. Turing machine models calculation problems by establishing rules about symbols, internal states, and how input and state determine output. Simply put, given the input, Turing machine can output regularly. The idea of Turing machine is more from the machine, which is reflected in the fact that the atomic operation of Turing machine is based on a character: reading a character, making judgment and processing, and the output is only a character or no output. This is unnatural to understand from a human perspective. The object of concern in manual calculation operation is various expressions, which may be a single symbol only under certain circumstances. In this book, we regard calculation as equivalence in expression-substitution as a calculation operation. In an abstract sense, Turing machine’s output from input to rule can also be regarded as a replacement operation. Only the substitution of a single symbol is not a human computing behavior pattern. The effect is the same problem, usually Turing machine needs to establish more rules.

As mentioned earlier, Turing machine is equivalent to Chomsky’s type 2 grammar. The basis of Chomsky’s grammar theory, such as production rules, is also a substitution operation in nature. Chomsky’s grammar theory forms the grammatical basis of modern programming languages. A few months before Turing submitted his paper, the American mathematician alonzo church (June, 1903–August, 1995) submitted his paper "Explanation on Deterministic Problems", which also proved that there was no solution to the deterministic problems. Qiu Qi’s argument is based on Lambda calculus. Qiu Qi’s Lambda calculus is equivalent to Turing machine’s computing power. By studying the theory of Lambda calculus, we can find that the operation of calculus is obviously embodied in recursive symbol replacement. Through more investigation of the history of computing machines, other computing machine models based on similar replacement operation designs can be found. Turing machine thought does not explain where the rules from input to output come from, which is regarded as open. Church’s Lambda calculus theory, Chomsky grammar theory and other theories and models are also considered from a specific technical point of view. In this book, calculation is not studied as an independent topic, but in the context of the use of symbols. The replacement rules on which calculation is based can be classified as equivalence relations in knowledge or facts, including existing equivalence relations and potentially derivable equivalence relations. The background on which this book is based enables machines to be used as tools for language media systems.

Modern computer is an engineering realization of turing machine, and turing machine is not only realized by modern computer. The processing of modern computers is ultimately decomposed into arithmetic and logical calculations. Turing machine theory itself has no such requirement, which is only determined by the technical route. The consistency of binary system and its calculation in symbol and physics has brought modern computers. In the concept of language machine, the process based on substitution-transformation can have special advantages in terms of the efficiency of calculation execution. Because it can operate directly on any level of expression, it reduces the process of decomposition back to atomic operation. A substitution-transformation operation in expression corresponds to many times of atomic arithmetic, logical calculation operations and corresponding internal communication of modern computers, and theoretically, the consumption of space and time will be smaller.

Using the present computer, it is possible to simulate the ability to perform substitution-transformation operations at the expression level, or to package a programming language based on substitution-transformation operations. For the goal of language machine, these schemes have only limited verification significance. First of all, this brings some kind of cycle: virtual replacement-conversion operation based on logical and arithmetic calculation, and logical and mathematical calculation based on replacement-conversion operation. Conceptually, this book thinks that substitution-transformation is a more basic operation than logical and arithmetic calculation. Secondly, it sacrifices the possible efficiency advantages of language machines. The conception, design and implementation of language machine may draw lessons from some current computer technologies, and the overall use mode is difficult to be compared with the use of von Neumann machine. It can be predicted that the language machine will be realized, and its ability will not exceed that of a universal Turing machine, which does not constitute a key evaluation of the language machine. What the language machine pursues is the effects that can be brought by the new man-machine collaboration, which are first of all for people.

If the language machine is finally realizable, will it be dedicated or can it be used as a new universal machine? It is too early to think about such a problem now. It can be seen that the discussion in this book is basically limited to the scope of theoretical knowledge. By comparison, the application of computers is mainly in the fields of technology and engineering. In the problem solving in these fields, many problems are not typical calculation problems; Empirical rules are equally important for solving all kinds of problems, and they are not all deducible from theory. This book is to understand the language machine from the perspective of language tools, and to support people’s use of symbols is always the first. On the other hand, once the machine shows some potential, people will try to maximize the potential of the machine, which is easier to carry out and may be counterproductive to the goal of using human-oriented symbols by the machine.

In application, the depth of language mechanism and content of language machine is related to the problems considered by artificial intelligence at present, so the two can also be compared. Fundamentally, their ideological starting points are different. The primary goal of language machine is to replace tools such as paper, pen, ink and computer to support the construction and use of human language and realize more effective use of human language with the help of tools. Contemporary artificial intelligence generally uses machines to simulate the intellectual behavior of the human brain, so that more jobs that were originally done by people can be replaced by machines. This book regards human intelligence as developing or expanding with the use of symbols, rather than a roughly fixed model that can be imitated and replaced by machines.

While better cooperating with the use of symbols by human beings, the knowledge possessed by human beings and machines can be more and more similar, and the knowledge possessed by machines can exceed the capacity of any human individual; In the past, more and more symbolic regular operations performed by people can be performed by machines, and they are more efficient; At this point, it is no problem to say that the behavior shown by the machine is intelligent. Let’s look at a concrete example, the relationship between category and instance. A is a category, and X is an example under the category. We say that X belongs to A, and the word "belonging" can be understood by interpretation. It is doubtful whether the understanding formed by this explanation is really effective, and it is impossible for us to explain the machine like this. Now, we can realize such a mechanism: X is an example under category A, which contains any proposition of A. You can replace A with X, and the proposition still holds. This substitutable relationship can be actually implemented by the machine in a specific context. From the operational sense, the language machine shows that it has understood that "X is an example under category A". Machines don’t understand whether symbolic units have meaning or not, just like people do. On the other hand, an important sign of understanding is to know how to operate symbols.

A popular view is that modern computers are good at dealing with structured and regular knowledge, but they are not good at dealing with unstructured and open knowledge, such as common sense. With the development of machines in the latter direction, we can understand and imitate human intelligence more. First of all, this book does not think that a perfect understanding of structured rule knowledge has been established, and this theory has been disintegrated in machine application. Modern computers began with computing as an independent theme. To this end, this book has established its own theory, the core point is: knowledge is expressed based on equivalence relation, and calculation is based on equivalence relation. On this basis, we discuss how to build knowledge in the machine, thus making the machine have deduction ability. What is important is the structured and regular knowledge, which corresponds to the expansion of human intelligence and cognition by symbols. From the perspective of the division of labor between machines and humans, it is a reasonable way to improve or innovate tools to enhance this expansion.

The emphasis on common sense makes natural language a core theme of artificial intelligence. Through the establishment of a complex language model and statistical calculation on a large number of corpus, the machine also shows a certain language processing ability. From the economic point of view, these advances can be of great value. Most white-collar jobs are fixed jobs and do not need real creativity. It is possible that these processes are close to some parts of human intelligence, but this will not be the core part. The deductive ability of a language machine, ideally, can calculate all possible conclusions from the currently known theories and facts. This ability is the part of human intelligence expanded by symbols. This book only re-understands and realizes this part of intelligence as a more general way.

When the system we build shows that we can name, define, form new cognition and express, and ask questions, we can probably say that it is close to the core of human intelligence. This may require more systematic research, and a continuous understanding from perceptual experience to symbol system and from natural language to abstract symbol system can be established before we can find out whether there are some forms of intelligence that always depend on it. This book is more concerned about whether we can develop new forms and ways of using symbols, so that human beings can use symbols more efficiently.

Will artificial intelligence reduce human creativity？

This is a controversial topic. As an efficient and intelligent tool, artificial intelligence can help people complete some tasks that require a lot of calculation and analysis, such as natural language processing, image recognition, data analysis and so on. In the past, these tasks may require human beings to invest a lot of time and energy, but with the development of artificial intelligence technology, these tasks can be completed more quickly and accurately, thus saving human time and energy and enabling people to concentrate more on creative work.

However, some people think that artificial intelligence will reduce human creativity. Because artificial intelligence is a "non-human" technology, its working principle and thinking mode are different from human beings. Some people think that when people rely too much on artificial intelligence to complete certain tasks, they will gradually lose their creative thinking, because they only need to complete tasks according to the guidance of machine learning algorithms, and do not need to think about solving problems themselves. This kind of mechanical repetitive work may make people gradually lose in-depth thinking and creative solutions to problems.

However, some people think that artificial intelligence will not reduce human creativity, on the contrary, it will stimulate human creativity. Artificial intelligence can process a large amount of data quickly and accurately, and extract rules and patterns from it. These patterns and patterns can be used as inspiration for human creative thinking, so that human beings can better understand problems and find solutions. In addition, artificial intelligence can accomplish some mechanical repetitive work, so that human beings can be more involved in creative work, which will promote human creativity.

Therefore, whether artificial intelligence will have an impact on human creativity still needs to be observed and explored. While using artificial intelligence, we also need to keep our creative thinking and play, and constantly look for innovative ideas and methods to meet the ever-developing social needs.

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